{"id":8205,"date":"2026-10-01T21:05:13","date_gmt":"2026-10-01T19:05:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blueportance.com\/knowledge-base\/expert-guides\/living-flows\/continuous-flow-organization\/interstitial-fluid-renewal\/"},"modified":"2026-10-25T22:44:03","modified_gmt":"2026-10-25T21:44:03","slug":"interstitial-fluid-renewal","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blueportance.com\/en\/knowledge-base\/expert-guides\/living-flows\/continuous-flow-organization\/interstitial-fluid-renewal\/","title":{"rendered":"KB 3_Expert Guide_02_Living Flows_01_Continuous-Flow Organization_05_Interstitial Fluid: Renewal and Mobility in Tissues"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n<!-- BDC \u2014 Continuous-Flow Organization - A5_Interstitial Fluid: Renewal and Mobility in Tissues \u2014 Blue Portance -->\n\n<style>\n    .bp-bdc-breadcrumb{\n      max-width: 900px;\n      margin: 0 auto;\n      padding: 20px 16px 0;\n      font-size: .85rem;\n      color: #6b7280;\n    }\n    .bp-bdc-breadcrumb a{\n      color: #2a7fba;\n      text-decoration: none;\n    }\n    .bp-bdc-breadcrumb a:hover{\n      text-decoration: underline;\n    }\n\n  .bp-figure {\n      margin: 40px auto;\n      text-align: center;\n      max-width: 760px;\n  }\n\n  .bp-figure img {\n      display: block;\n      margin: 0 auto;\n      max-width: 100%;\n      height: auto;\n      border-radius: 8px;\n  }\n\n  .bp-figure figcaption {\n      margin: 10px auto 0;\n      max-width: 650px;\n      text-align: center;\n      color: #666;\n      font-size: 0.85em;\n      line-height: 1.45;\n  }\n\n  .bp-fig-title {\n      display: block;\n      margin: 0 0 4px;\n      padding: 0;\n      font-style: normal;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      font-size: 1em;\n      color: #333;\n      line-height: 1.3;\n  }\n\n  .bp-fig-text {\n      display: block;\n      margin: 0;\n      padding: 0;\n      font-style: italic;\n  }\n  \n    .bp-bdc-navigation a::before{content:\"\u2190 \";}\n  <\/style>\n\n<nav class=\"bp-bdc-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n  <a href=\"\/en\/\">Blue Portance<\/a> \u2192 <a href=\"https:\/\/blueportance.com\/en\/knowledge-base\/\">Knowledge Base<\/a> \u2192 <a href=\"https:\/\/blueportance.com\/en\/knowledge-base\/expert-guides\/\">Expert Guides<\/a> \u2192 <a href=\"https:\/\/blueportance.com\/en\/knowledge-base\/expert-guides\/living-flows\/\">Living Flows<\/a> \u2192 <a href=\"https:\/\/blueportance.com\/en\/knowledge-base\/expert-guides\/living-flows\/continuous-flow-organization\/\">Continuous-Flow Organization<\/a> \u2192 Interstitial Fluid\n<\/nav>\n\n\n\n\n<section class=\"bp-bdc-wrap\">\n\n  <header class=\"bp-bdc-hero\">\n    <h1>5. Interstitial Fluid: Renewal and Mobility in Tissues<\/h1>\n    <p>Knowledge Base \u2013 Expert Guide: Continuous-Flow Organization<\/p>\n    <div class=\"bp-bdc-meta\">Blue Portance Knowledge Base \u00b7 Non-commercial reproduction permitted with source attribution<\/div>\n  <\/header>\n\n  <p>\n    Interstitial fluid is the fluid environment in which many cells live. It lies between the\n    microvessels, the extracellular matrix and the cells. It also contains water, ions, proteins, nutrients,\n    dissolved gases and metabolic byproducts, among other things. This fluid is not static. To begin with, it comes\n    mainly from microvascular exchange. It moves and changes within the interstitium, and its excess is\n    then gradually taken up by the lymphatic pathways. Its mobility depends on the properties of the\n    extracellular matrix, on pressure gradients and on tissue deformation. Interstitial fluid is thus a\n    dynamic interface between the vessels and the cells. This article does not describe the anatomy of\n    the blood and lymphatic networks in detail. Instead, it focuses on fluid mobility within tissues and\n    on the mechanical conditions that influence it.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <figure class=\"bp-figure\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\"\n      src=\"https:\/\/blueportance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/flux-a5-1-interstitial-fluid-a-dynamic-interface-between-vessels-and-cells.png\"\n      alt=\"Interstitial fluid renewal between microvessels, cells and lymphatic capillaries.\"\n      class=\"bp-figure-image\"\n      loading=\"lazy\"\n    >\n\n    <figcaption class=\"bp-figure-caption\">\n      <span class=\"bp-fig-title\">\n        Figure 1 \u2014 Interstitial fluid: a dynamic interface between vessels and cells\n      <\/span>\n\n      <span class=\"bp-fig-text\">\n        Interstitial fluid is a dynamic interface for transport and exchange between vessels and cells. \u00a9 Blue Portance 2026.\n      <\/span>\n    <\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n\n  <nav class=\"bp-bdc-toc\" aria-label=\"Contents\">\n    <h2>Contents<\/h2>\n    <ul>\n      <li><a href=\"#compartiment-renouvellement\">1. Interstitial fluid: a constantly renewed compartment<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"#formation-recuperation\">2. Formation and uptake<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"#milieu-poreux-hydrate\">3. The interstitium as a porous, hydrated medium<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"#gradients-pression\">4. Pressure gradients<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"#compression-decompression\">5. Compression and decompression<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"#mouvements-tissulaires\">6. The role of tissue movement<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"#contraction-musculaire\">7. The specific role of muscle contraction<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"#mobilite-echanges\">8. Interstitial mobility and cellular exchange<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"#so-what\">9. What this means for sitting<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"#retenir\">10. Key takeaways<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"#references\">Scientific References<\/a><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/nav>\n\n  <article class=\"bp-bdc-content\">\n\n  <section id=\"compartiment-renouvellement\">\n  <h2>1. Interstitial fluid: a constantly renewed compartment<\/h2>\n\n  <p>\n    This fluid is produced mainly through exchange between the microvessels and the extracellular\n    space. Part of the fluid crosses the microvascular wall and enters the interstitium. There, it then comes\n    into contact with the extracellular matrix and the cells.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    This fluid contains, among other things:\n  <\/p>\n  <ul>\n    <li>water;<\/li>\n    <li>ions;<\/li>\n    <li>nutrients;<\/li>\n    <li>dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide;<\/li>\n    <li>proteins;<\/li>\n    <li>signaling molecules;<\/li>\n    <li>byproducts of cellular metabolism.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <p>\n    The interstitium therefore comprises a fluid phase, an extracellular matrix, solutes and resident\n    cells. Accordingly, changes in this microenvironment can influence how cells function and how local exchange\n    takes place <span class=\"bp-inline-ref\">(Wiig &amp; Swartz, 2012)<\/span>.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Interstitial fluid is not, however, a uniform volume. Indeed, its composition and mobility can vary from\n    one tissue to another. The tissue&#8217;s metabolic activity, vascularization, extracellular matrix and\n    uptake pathways also play a role.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section id=\"formation-recuperation\">\n  <h2>2. Formation and uptake<\/h2>\n\n  <p>\n    Interstitial fluid is formed mainly through transcapillary exchange. In particular, this exchange is influenced by\n    hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. The permeability of the vessel wall and the properties of the\n    interstitium also play a role.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    In many tissues, a small net filtration persists at steady state. As a result, excess interstitial fluid and\n    extravasated macromolecules are collected mainly by the lymphatic vessels. Capillary reabsorption can\n    nevertheless occur transiently, or in certain specialized vascular beds <span class=\"bp-inline-ref\">(Levick &amp; Michel, 2010; Wiig &amp; Swartz, 2012)<\/span>.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Lymphatic uptake does not mean that the lymphatic system simply \u201csucks up\u201d interstitial fluid. Instead, it\n    depends on pressure differences, on the permeability of the initial lymphatics, and on the structure\n    of the endothelial junctions. Further along the network, it also depends on the contractile activity\n    of the collecting vessels\n    <span class=\"bp-inline-ref\">(Negrini &amp; Moriondo, 2011; Scallan et al., 2016)<\/span>.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Interstitial renewal therefore results from a balance between:\n  <\/p>\n  <ul>\n    <li>fluid formation;<\/li>\n    <li>exchange with cells;<\/li>\n    <li>movement through the matrix;<\/li>\n    <li>uptake by the lymphatics;<\/li>\n    <li>subsequent return to the general circulation.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section id=\"milieu-poreux-hydrate\">\n  <h2>3. The interstitium as a porous, hydrated medium<\/h2>\n\n  <p>\n    Interstitial fluid moves through an environment that is nothing like an empty pipe. Indeed, the\n    extracellular matrix forms a complex network of fibers, macromolecules and hydrated spaces.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Fluid mobility depends in particular on:\n  <\/p>\n  <ul>\n    <li>the porosity of the network;<\/li>\n    <li>tortuosity;<\/li>\n    <li>fiber density;<\/li>\n    <li>the amount of water bound to macromolecules;<\/li>\n    <li>local permeability;<\/li>\n    <li>interstitial pressure;<\/li>\n    <li>interactions between the fluid and the matrix.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <p>\n    The matrix can therefore offer varying resistance to the movement of fluid and solutes. It can also\n    temporarily retain certain molecules or alter their local distribution\n    <span class=\"bp-inline-ref\">(Fan et al., 2014)<\/span>.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    In turn, the movement of interstitial fluid can change the mechanical properties of the tissue. There\n    is thus a coupling between the fluid phase and the solid phase of the matrix.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n  <figure class=\"bp-figure\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\"\n      src=\"https:\/\/blueportance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/flux-a5-2-the-interstitium-a-porous-hydrated-and-deformable-medium.png\"\n      alt=\"Porous interstitium made up of a hydrated matrix, fluid and cells, subjected to local deformation.\"\n      class=\"bp-figure-image\"\n      loading=\"lazy\"\n    >\n\n    <figcaption class=\"bp-figure-caption\">\n      <span class=\"bp-fig-title\">\n        Figure 2 \u2014 The interstitium: a porous, hydrated and deformable medium\n      <\/span>\n\n      <span class=\"bp-fig-text\">\n        Fluid mobility depends on a porous, hydrated and deformable medium, not on an empty space. \u00a9 Blue Portance 2026.\n      <\/span>\n    <\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n\n  <section id=\"gradients-pression\">\n  <h2>4. Pressure gradients<\/h2>\n\n  <p>\n    Interstitial fluid moves when differences in pressure or potential exist between different regions\n    of the tissue.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    These gradients can be created or altered, for example, by:\n  <\/p>\n  <ul>\n    <li>microvascular filtration;<\/li>\n    <li>pressure changes in the capillaries;<\/li>\n    <li>collection by the initial lymphatics, which may help maintain local pressure and flow gradients;<\/li>\n    <li>tissue deformation;<\/li>\n    <li>muscle contraction;<\/li>\n    <li>breathing movements;<\/li>\n    <li>vascular pulsations;<\/li>\n    <li>external compression.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <p>\n    Interstitial pressure does not depend solely on the amount of fluid present. It also depends on the\n    compliance of the interstitium and on the properties of the matrix. Finally, whether the fluid is able to move\n    or be taken up matters as well.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    For example, Reed and Rubin show that interstitial pressure and the properties of the extracellular matrix take\n    part in transcapillary exchange. They also highlight their role in regulating the interstitial\n    compartment <span class=\"bp-inline-ref\">(Reed &amp; Rubin, 2010)<\/span>.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    However, not every external pressure should be equated with a drainage mechanism. Of course, pressure applied\n    to a tissue can displace fluid locally. Its effect, though, depends on its duration, its area and its\n    direction. The deformability of the tissue and the pathways available for redistribution also\n    matter.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section id=\"compression-decompression\">\n  <h2>5. Compression and decompression<\/h2>\n\n  <p>\n    When a tissue is compressed, its volume, shape and fluid distribution can change. As a result, some of the fluid\n    may move toward neighboring regions, or toward spaces where pressure is lower.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Conversely, during decompression, tissues may fully or partially recover their previous configuration. The fluid\n    can then redistribute through the extracellular network.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Still, these phenomena are not instantaneous, nor are they necessarily fully reversible. Indeed, the response\n    depends on:\n  <\/p>\n  <ul>\n    <li>loading rate;<\/li>\n    <li>duration of compression;<\/li>\n    <li>cycle frequency;<\/li>\n    <li>tissue structure;<\/li>\n    <li>water content;<\/li>\n    <li>matrix permeability;<\/li>\n    <li>the condition of the blood vessels and lymphatics.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <p>\n    For example, a poroelastic model of the interaction between interstitial fluid and matrix under confined\n    indentation shows that loading and unloading phases can be accompanied by fluid movements in\n    opposite directions. It also indicates that pressure changes are especially large beneath the area\n    where the load is applied\n    <span class=\"bp-inline-ref\">(Lu &amp; Wang, 2008)<\/span>.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    These findings support the idea of a <strong>coupling between solid deformation and fluid\n    movement<\/strong>. However, they do not support the conclusion that there is uniform circulation or\n    systematic drainage.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section id=\"mouvements-tissulaires\">\n  <h2>6. The role of tissue movement<\/h2>\n\n  <p>\n    Tissue movement can change local volumes, pressures and gradients. Several mechanical sources may\n    be involved, such as:\n  <\/p>\n  <ul>\n    <li>muscle contractions;<\/li>\n    <li>breathing movements;<\/li>\n    <li>arterial pulsations;<\/li>\n    <li>changes in tissue tension;<\/li>\n    <li>organ movement;<\/li>\n    <li>changes in support;<\/li>\n    <li>deformation related to everyday activity.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <p>\n    Initial lymphatics do not have the same contractile apparatus as collecting lymphatic vessels. They\n    rely in particular on the movements of, and the mechanical stresses exerted by, the surrounding\n    tissues.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    For instance, Negrini and Moriondo indicate that pressure gradients between the interstitium and the initial\n    lymphatics can be influenced by tissue movement and muscle activity. Heartbeats and breathing also\n    play a role\n    <span class=\"bp-inline-ref\">(Negrini &amp; Moriondo, 2011)<\/span>.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    In collecting lymphatic vessels, propulsion also depends on intrinsic contractions of the vessel wall\n    and on valve function. Lymph movement therefore results from a combination of extrinsic and intrinsic\n    forces <span class=\"bp-inline-ref\">(Scallan et al., 2016)<\/span>.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Breathing movements, for example, are one of these extrinsic forces. During spontaneous inspiration, the descent\n    of the diaphragm lowers intrathoracic pressure, while abdominal pressure generally rises. As a result, these\n    cyclic changes can alter pressure gradients regionally. They may thus contribute to the forward\n    movement of lymph, together with the collecting vessels&#8217; own contractions and the function of their\n    valves. Their effect, however, depends on the region in question, on posture, on breathing depth and\n    on the mechanical properties of the surrounding tissues <span class=\"bp-inline-ref\">(Negrini &amp; Moriondo, 2011; Scallan et al., 2016)<\/span>.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section id=\"contraction-musculaire\">\n  <h2>7. The specific role of muscle contraction<\/h2>\n\n  <p>\n    Muscle contraction should not be confused with simple passive displacement of tissue.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    In fact, contractions can actively change local geometry, compress certain spaces and create pressure\n    changes. Consequently, these changes may influence fluid movement and lymph formation.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Similarly, research on lymphatic biomechanics shows that lymphatics located in muscle tissue can undergo cycles\n    of compression and expansion. Specifically, these cycles are linked to the mechanical stresses exerted by the\n    surrounding tissue <span class=\"bp-inline-ref\">(Negrini &amp; Moriondo, 2011)<\/span>.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    However, how effective this mechanism is depends on the type of movement, its amplitude and its\n    duration. The location of the tissue and the function of the lymphatic vessels also matter. It is\n    therefore not enough to claim that any movement automatically \u201cpumps\u201d interstitial fluid.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    In short, muscle contractions can help change tissue pressures and support certain mechanisms of fluid\n    movement and uptake.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n  <figure class=\"bp-figure\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\"\n      src=\"https:\/\/blueportance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/flux-a5-3-what-modulates-the-movement-of-interstitial-fluid-and-solutes.png\"\n      alt=\"Factors influencing interstitial mobility: gradients, permeability, muscle contractions, breathing, time and lymphatic uptake.\"\n      class=\"bp-figure-image\"\n      loading=\"lazy\"\n    >\n\n    <figcaption class=\"bp-figure-caption\">\n      <span class=\"bp-fig-title\">\n        Figure 3 \u2014 What modulates the movement of interstitial fluid and solutes\n      <\/span>\n\n      <span class=\"bp-fig-text\">\n        The mobility of interstitial fluid depends on gradients, tissue structure, body movement and recovery time alike. \u00a9 Blue Portance 2026.\n      <\/span>\n    <\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n\n  <section id=\"mobilite-echanges\">\n  <h2>8. Interstitial mobility and cellular exchange<\/h2>\n\n  <p>\n    The movement of interstitial fluid can contribute to the local transport of nutrients and to the\n    removal of certain metabolic byproducts. It can also change the conditions under which cells receive\n    chemical or mechanical signals.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    In avascular tissues, such as adult articular cartilage, exchange with cells relies in particular on\n    solute transport by diffusion and by convection through the extracellular matrix. Moreover, the relative\n    contribution of these mechanisms depends on the properties of the solute and the matrix, and on\n    mechanical loading <span class=\"bp-inline-ref\">(Yao &amp; Gu, 2007)<\/span>.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Convection carries solutes along with the bulk movement of fluid, while diffusion contributes to\n    their redistribution along their concentration gradients. These two mechanisms can therefore act\n    simultaneously without being equivalent.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Interstitial fluid should therefore not be viewed as mere waste awaiting removal. Instead, it is a functional\n    compartment in which exchange takes place between the matrix, the cells and the transport networks.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section id=\"so-what\">\n  <h2>9. What this means for sitting<\/h2>\n\n  <p>\n    Sitting places mechanical stresses on soft tissues and changes their shape locally. In particular, prolonged\n    loading can influence:\n  <\/p>\n  <ul>\n    <li>tissue deformation;<\/li>\n    <li>interstitial pressure;<\/li>\n    <li>local fluid distribution;<\/li>\n    <li>perfusion conditions;<\/li>\n    <li>the potential for fluid uptake;<\/li>\n    <li>interface pressures.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <div class=\"bp-box bp-box--info\">\n    <strong>Caution<\/strong>\n    <p>\n      For example, studies by Makhsous show that seat design and certain experimental pressure-relief maneuvers can\n      change pressure distribution. They also show a change in perfusion measured in the gluteal\n      tissues\n      <span class=\"bp-inline-ref\">(Makhsous et al., 2007, 2012)<\/span>. In other words, these studies document the\n      local consequences of specific mechanical configurations. However, they do not make it possible to\n      isolate the specific role of interstitial fluid, the extracellular matrix, or spontaneous\n      micro-movements.\n    <\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <p>\n    Sustained sitting can therefore reduce changes in mechanical configuration in a given region. It is\n    nevertheless better to avoid the phrase \u201cfluid stagnation,\u201d which suggests a complete halt in\n    exchange.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Load sustained over time, combined with limited opportunities for repositioning, can alter local\n    pressures and deformation. Moreover, the conditions for interstitial fluid renewal depend on these as well.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section id=\"retenir\">\n  <h2>10. Key takeaways<\/h2>\n\n  <p>\n    Interstitial fluid is a dynamic compartment. It is formed by microvascular exchange and then moves through\n    a hydrated matrix network. In addition, it exchanges with cells and is gradually taken up by the lymphatics.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Furthermore, its mobility depends on:\n  <\/p>\n  <ul>\n    <li>pressure gradients;<\/li>\n    <li>filtration;<\/li>\n    <li>the extracellular matrix;<\/li>\n    <li>tissue deformation;<\/li>\n    <li>muscle contractions;<\/li>\n    <li>breathing;<\/li>\n    <li>vascular pulsations;<\/li>\n    <li>lymphatic function.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <p>\n    Movement is not the sole driver of interstitial exchange. It can nevertheless change pressures,\n    volumes and the local conditions for fluid movement.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Thus, this conclusion helps avoid two errors: speaking of automatic mechanical drainage, or assuming that\n    immobility immediately shuts down all exchange.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <h3>Article summary<\/h3>\n\n  <p>\n    Overall, interstitial fluid is a mobile interface between the microvessels, the extracellular matrix and the\n    cells. In other words, it is neither an empty space nor a static reservoir.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Its formation depends on transcapillary exchange, while its mobility depends on gradients, on the\n    properties of the matrix network and on tissue deformation. Finally, its uptake involves the lymphatics,\n    whose function combines intrinsic and extrinsic forces.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Muscle contractions, breathing, vascular pulsations and certain deformations can help change the\n    local conditions for fluid movement and uptake. These effects nonetheless remain dependent on the\n    tissue, the load and the mechanical context.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    When sitting, then, the goal is not to indiscriminately \u201cget all bodily fluids circulating again.\u201d\n    Rather, it is to examine how the duration of loading and tissue deformation influence local\n    pressures. Opportunities for changes in support also matter for interstitial renewal.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n  <hr>\n\n  <section id=\"references\">\n    <div class=\"bp-box bp-box--info\">\n      <h2>Scientific References<\/h2>\n\n      <h3>Interstitium, matrix and tissue transport<\/h3>\n      <ol>\n        <li>Fan, D., Creemers, E. E., &amp; Kassiri, Z. (2014). Matrix as an interstitial transport system. <em>Circulation Research<\/em>, 114(5), 889\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.302335<\/li>\n        <li>Wiig, H., &amp; Swartz, M. A. (2012). Interstitial fluid and lymph formation and transport: physiological regulation and roles in inflammation and cancer. <em>Physiological Reviews<\/em>, 92(3), 1005\u20131060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00037.2011<\/li>\n        <li>Yao, H., &amp; Gu, W. Y. (2007). Convection and diffusion in charged hydrated soft tissues: a mixture theory approach. <em>Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology<\/em>, 6(1\u20132), 63\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10237-006-0040-3<\/li>\n      <\/ol>\n\n      <h3>Interstitial pressure and microvascular exchange<\/h3>\n      <ol>\n        <li>Levick, J. R., &amp; Michel, C. C. (2010). Microvascular fluid exchange and the revised Starling principle. <em>Cardiovascular Research<\/em>, 87(2), 198\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvq062<\/li>\n        <li>Lu, Y., &amp; Wang, W. (2008). Interaction between the interstitial fluid and the extracellular matrix in confined indentation. <em>Journal of Biomechanical Engineering<\/em>, 130(4), 041011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.2939310<\/li>\n        <li>Reed, R. K., &amp; Rubin, K. (2010). Transcapillary exchange: role and importance of the interstitial fluid pressure and the extracellular matrix. <em>Cardiovascular Research<\/em>, 87(2), 211\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvq143<\/li>\n      <\/ol>\n\n      <h3>Lymphatic function and sitting<\/h3>\n      <ol>\n        <li>Negrini, D., &amp; Moriondo, A. (2011). Lymphatic anatomy and biomechanics. <em>The Journal of Physiology<\/em>, 589(Pt 12), 2927\u20132934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.206672<\/li>\n        <li>Scallan, J. P., Zawieja, S. D., Castorena-Gonzalez, J. A., &amp; Davis, M. J. (2016). Lymphatic pumping: mechanics, mechanisms and malfunction. <em>The Journal of Physiology<\/em>, 594(20), 5749\u20135768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/JP272088<\/li>\n        <li>Makhsous, M., Priebe, M., Bankard, J., et al. (2007). Measuring tissue perfusion during pressure relief maneuvers: insights into preventing pressure ulcers. <em>The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine<\/em>, 30(5), 497\u2013507.<\/li>\n        <li>Makhsous, M., Lin, F., Hanawalt, D., Kruger, S. L., &amp; LaMantia, A. (2012). The effect of chair designs on sitting pressure distribution and tissue perfusion. <em>Human Factors<\/em>, 54(6), 1066\u20131074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720812457681<\/li>\n      <\/ol>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <\/article>\n\n  <!-- NAVIGATION -->\n  <nav class=\"bp-bdc-box bp-bdc-navigation\" aria-label=\"Topic navigation\">\n    <strong>Navigation<\/strong>\n    <p>\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/blueportance.com\/en\/knowledge-base\/expert-guides\/living-flows\/continuous-flow-organization\/\">\n        Back to the Continuous-Flow Organization guide\n      <\/a>\n    <\/p>\n    <p>\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/blueportance.com\/en\/knowledge-base\/expert-guides\/living-flows\/\">\n        See the topic: Living Flows\n      <\/a>\n    <\/p>\n    <p>\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/blueportance.com\/en\/knowledge-base\/expert-guides\/\">\n        Explore the Expert Guides section of the Knowledge Base\n      <\/a>\n    <\/p>\n  <\/nav>\n\n  <!-- NOTE -->\n  <footer class=\"bp-bdc-footer\">\n    <strong>Note<\/strong>: this content aims to explain mechanisms.\n    It is not a medical diagnosis or a treatment prescription.\n  <\/footer>\n\n  <p class=\"bp-bdc-copyright\" style=\"font-size:.85em;color:#6b7280;margin-top:16px;\">\n    \u00a9 Gil Ayache. The concepts, diagrams, terminology and principles presented on this page are a work\n    protected by copyright. They are made available to Blue Portance under an intellectual property\n    licensing agreement, without transfer of economic rights or authorship.\n  <\/p>\n\n\n<\/section>\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Blue Portance \u2192 Knowledge Base \u2192 Expert Guides \u2192 Living Flows \u2192 Continuous-Flow Organization \u2192 Interstitial Fluid 5. Interstitial Fluid: Renewal and Mobility in Tissues Knowledge Base \u2013 Expert Guide: Continuous-Flow Organization Blue Portance Knowledge Base \u00b7 Non-commercial reproduction permitted with source attribution Interstitial fluid is the fluid environment in which many cells live. 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